Learning by doing
Learning by doing is a much more effective way of learning than just being told how to do something. Through performing an action and observing the consequences, the brain links the two events and one learns that when I do x I get y. This is a very powerful form of learning and often results in long-term retention and easy accessibility to that skill.
Smooth learning curve
A smooth learning curve shows the player that the problems they face are challenging but not impossible. The learning curve should be a fine line between challenging and impossible, always keeping the player alert and on the edge of their performance circle. Prensky and others call this, ‘Flow’; keeping the player in this state makes for a more engaging game.
Enjoyment
A game must be enjoyed for learning to take place. From current research in the area of neuroscience, it is now known that when one is enjoying oneself and laughing, neurotransmitters are produced which change the chemical balance in the blood and brain. These neurotransmitters are required for alertness and memory. When one is not enjoying oneself, one becomes bored and disinterested, memory and alertness suffer in these negative states.
Goal Orientated
A game must be goal orientated. Goals provide an essential focus and structure for learning as well as an end point for either success or failure. Measurable goals allow players to identify their strengths and weaknesses. A game with no goals provides nothing for the individual to work towards, which will result in a lack of motivation and a strong disinterest in the game.